Water-based Cooling Fluids to Mitigate the Thermal Management Challenges in New Energy Vehicles

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Sander Clerick
Serge Leivens
Guy Buytaert
Amol Chore

Abstract

Thermal management is considered one of the key enablers for the adoption of New Energy Vehicles. An efficient design of an electrified vehicle’s cooling system, be it a HEV, BEV or FCEV, is of major importance to guarantee vehicle lifetime, optimize energy efficiency, enable adequate driving range and allowing high charging speed. Moreover, it is of critical importance for safety. Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, cooling systems for electrified vehicles have become more complex with increasing integration of a variety of parts. The cooling medium’s main function is no longer limited to cooling of the ICE; it also used to conserve and transport heat to essential powertrain parts such as the battery pack, all while electrical safety cannot be jeopardized. Many recently launched electrified vehicles successfully employ the same water-glycol based cooling liquids that are found in ICE vehicles. In light of future developments such as ultra-fast charging, advances in cooling systems and the cooling liquid are required. Recently, a clear shift from air cooling towards waterbased cooling fluids is witnessed mainly due to the strong beneficial heat transfer properties of water. For direct cooling of fuel cell stacks different changes are demanded since the upper electrical conductivity limit of the aqueous liquid compels the use of new additive technology.


Keywords: Cooling Fluids, Thermal management, Energy Vehicles, Internal combustion Engine (ICE), Battery electric vehicles (BEV), Water-glycol coolants, eMotors, CO2 emission

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

Author Biographies

Sander Clerick

Arteco Coolants India Pvt Ltd, 304-A,3rd Floor, Town Square, Viman Nagar, Pune, 411 014. Maharashtra (India)

Serge Leivens

Arteco Coolants India Pvt Ltd, 304-A,3rd Floor, Town Square, Viman Nagar, Pune, 411 014. Maharashtra (India)

Guy Buytaert

Arteco Coolants India Pvt Ltd, 304-A,3rd Floor, Town Square, Viman Nagar, Pune, 411 014. Maharashtra (India)

Amol Chore

Arteco Coolants India Pvt Ltd, 304-A,3rd Floor, Town Square, Viman Nagar, Pune, 411 014. Maharashtra (India)

How to Cite
Sander Clerick, Serge Leivens, Guy Buytaert, & Amol Chore. (2022). Water-based Cooling Fluids to Mitigate the Thermal Management Challenges in New Energy Vehicles. ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology, 2(3), p256–264. https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.2

References

  1. Setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council, April 2019
  2. Setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavyduty vehicles, Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council, June 2019
  3. New Development plan for NEVs unveiled, The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/ (02/11/2020)
  4. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, August 2012
  5. FAME India Scheme Phase II, Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India, https://fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in/ (25/09/2020)
  6. Lievens, S., Van Gasse, B., Claeys, S., De Kimpe, J. et al., "A Study of Coolant Oxidation Phenomena in High-Power- Efficiency Engines by Exploring Different Lab Test Methodologies," SAE Technical Paper 2017-26-0152, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-26- 0152.
  7. Trevisan, A., Rouaud, C., “Fuel cell : a sustainable clean solution for long haul commercial vehicles”, Ricardo Automotive and Industrial, Webinar 3 March 2020
  8. Zhang, X., Xie J., Rao, R., Liang, Y., “Policy Incentives for the Adoption of Electric Vehicles across Countries”, Sustainability 2014, 6, 8056-8078; doi:10.3390/su6118056
  9. He, H., “China New Energy Vehicle Market and Policies”, The International Council on Clean Transport, Webinar for MOVE, 10 March 2020
  10. Knupfer, S., Hensley, R., Hertzke, P., Schaufuss, P., Laverty, N., Kramer, N., “Electrifying insights: How automakers can drive electrified vehicle sales and profitability”, McKinsey&Company Advanced Industries, January 2017
  11. Rothbart, M., “From Tank-to-Wheel to Life Cycle Assessment”, AVL, Webinar 9 April 2019
  12. Rugh, J., “Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management – Combining Fluid loops in Electric Drive Vehicles”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Vehicle Technologies Program Annual Merit Review, 15 May 2013
  13. De Vita, A., Maheshwari, A., Destro, M., Santarelli, M., Carello, M., “Transient thermal analysis of a lithium-ion battery pack comparing different cooling solutions for automotive applications”, Applied Energy, 206, 2017, 101- 112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.184
  14. Deng, Y., Feng, C., E, J., Zhu, H., Chen, J., Wen, M., Yin, H., “Effects of different coolants and cooling strategies on the cooling performance of the power lithium ion battery system: A review”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 142, 2018, 10-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.06.043
  15. Kim, J., Oh, J., Lee, H., “Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 149, 2019, 192-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.020
  16. Bires, M., “Thermal Management Strategies for Electric Vehicles”, AVL, Webinar 24 March 2020
  17. Langer, E., “Liquid Cooling for EV Charging - What to Know to Keep Electric Vehicles on the Go”, CPC, Technical Guide 5011, cpcworldwide.com, 2019
  18. Stapelbroek, M., Speckens, F., Ogrzewalla, J., Sauer A., Lenz, M., “High-performance battery for premium class hybrid vehicles” FEV, Automotive World, Webinar 13 May 2020
  19. Everett, E., Becker, G., “Silicone Foams and Thermally Conductive Silicones in Battery Pack Assembly”, DOW, Webinar 18 June 2020
  20. Shin, E., Choi, H., Mun, J., US10629875B2
  21. Sergeant, P., Vansompel, H., Nonneman, J., WO2020225132A1
  22. Snoeijs, R., “Combined heat, flow and form optimization breaks new ground in designing liquid-cooling components”, Diabatix white-paper, 2017
  23. Rouaud, C., Dunn, J., Lewis, I., “Innovative battery thermal management: reducing total battery cost and improving safety and charging time”, Ricardo, Webinar November 2020
  24. Silwal, B., Mohamed, A., Nonneman, J., De Paepe, M., Sergeant, P., Energies, 12, 2019, 1967, doi:10.3390/en12101967
  25. Nase, A., Wittler, M., Krueger K., “Impact of Fuel Cell Technology on the Machinery and Component Supplier Industry”, FEV Consulting, Webinar 28 May 2020